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27 october 2020


Древнеримский «промышленный комплекс»

Древний Рим был знаменит своими инженерами. Они умели находить простые решения сложных технических задач, строить прочные здания и создавать эффективные механизмы.

Международная команда археологов реконструировала один из примеров древнеримской изобретательности. Руины того, что можно считать первым промышленным комплексом в Европе, обнаружены вблизи современного французского города Арль (город на юго-востоке Франции в регионе Прованс). Его построили в конце первого века нашей эры, сообщает Real Clear Science.

Водяные мельницы Барбегала представляли собой шестнадцать водяных колес, приводивших в движение мукомольные механизмы. За день они могли перемалывать около 25 тонн муки. Она шла на выпечку хлеба в соседний город Арелате и, как считают некоторые ученые, на изготовление галет для римских моряков.

Мельницы Барбегала проработали около 200 лет. С тех пор их механизмы полностью истлели, а чертежей не сохранилось. Однако археологи нашли способ воссоздать римскую водяную мельницу. Ученые воспользовались для этого карбонатными отложениями, которые оставила использовавшаяся в механизмах вода.

Оказалось, что для бесперебойной подачи воды на мельницы римские инженеры придумали специальный желоб в форме колена. Он позволял регулировать поток воды из небольших прудов выше по течению. «Коленный желоб мельниц Барбегала – уникальное свидетельство мастерства и передового технического уровня римской гидротехники», – рассказал профессор Университета Гутенберга в Майнце Киз Пашир.

Статья-источник в оригинале и объяснениями и расчетами https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-74900-5

#ДревнийРим #история #строительство #производство #античность
#Древний_Рим #Барбегал #мельница #желоб #Арль


Ruins of the Barbegal mills.
Ruins of the Barbegal mills.

(a) Reconstruction of the three lowermost basins of the Barbegal complex, using elbow-flumes in basins 1 and 2. Overflow weirs beside the flumes allowed compensation for sudden fluctuations in discharge. (b)–(e) Summarized results of calculations on flow in four types of flumes, showing the presumed shape of outflow water jets
(a) Reconstruction of the three lowermost basins of the Barbegal complex, using elbow-flumes in basins 1 and 2. Overflow weirs beside the flumes allowed compensation for sudden fluctuations in discharge. (b)–(e) Summarized results of calculations on flow in four types of flumes, showing the presumed shape of outflow water jets

The Barbegal watermill complex, built in the second century CE in Southern France. (a) Ruins of the complex photographed in 1996, seen from the south. The aqueduct feeding the mills entered from the north through a rock cut seen at the top. W2 is the mill basin where carbonate was found in the axle window. The elbow flume was probably located in this basin, or the one below. (b) Reconstruction of the two parallel trains of eight mills (of which two are shown) that were built on a natural slope, with central buildings. Inset shows the location in France. (c) N–S cross-section of the mill complex along one train of millwheels, drawn to scale, with a close-up drawing of one mill.
The Barbegal watermill complex, built in the second century CE in Southern France. (a) Ruins of the complex photographed in 1996, seen from the south. The aqueduct feeding the mills entered from the north through a rock cut seen at the top. W2 is the mill basin where carbonate was found in the axle window. The elbow flume was probably located in this basin, or the one below. (b) Reconstruction of the two parallel trains of eight mills (of which two are shown) that were built on a natural slope, with central buildings. Inset shows the location in France. (c) N–S cross-section of the mill complex along one train of millwheels, drawn to scale, with a close-up drawing of one mill.

Carbonate deposits formed during operation of the Barbegal watermills. Individual fragments are labelled N(-). The sides or cross-sections of these fragments, where the internal stratigraphy is visible, are labelled f(-). (a) Carbonate deposits originating from a wooden flume. A bottom and a sidewall fragment are shown in their original arrangement. Inset shows the position of the fragments in a flume. (b) Side f2 of carbonate wall fragment N55 with an overhang deposit at the top. a–? indicate individual layers. (c) Carbonate fragment N138, presumably derived from the bucket of a mill wheel. (d) Stratigraphy of fragment N138. (e) Reconstruction of carbonate deposition in an overflowing flume. When the channel had been dismantled or the wood had decomposed, deposits broke into bottom and sidewall segments. (f) Stratigraphy of a flume in fragment N49 and corresponding stable isotope profile of carbon (?13C) and oxygen (?18O). The antithetic cycles of ?13C and ?18O represent seven years of deposition and flume operation, starting and ending in winter.
Carbonate deposits formed during operation of the Barbegal watermills. Individual fragments are labelled N(-). The sides or cross-sections of these fragments, where the internal stratigraphy is visible, are labelled f(-). (a) Carbonate deposits originating from a wooden flume. A bottom and a sidewall fragment are shown in their original arrangement. Inset shows the position of the fragments in a flume. (b) Side f2 of carbonate wall fragment N55 with an overhang deposit at the top. a–? indicate individual layers. (c) Carbonate fragment N138, presumably derived from the bucket of a mill wheel. (d) Stratigraphy of fragment N138. (e) Reconstruction of carbonate deposition in an overflowing flume. When the channel had been dismantled or the wood had decomposed, deposits broke into bottom and sidewall segments. (f) Stratigraphy of a flume in fragment N49 and corresponding stable isotope profile of carbon (?13C) and oxygen (?18O). The antithetic cycles of ?13C and ?18O represent seven years of deposition and flume operation, starting and ending in winter.

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